Pressure
If I bring pressure to bear upon a body, I am pushing upon it.
By walking around a table, and reaching out, I can push a book away across the table, North, South, East, and West...
I did not do any pushing upon the book until intimate contact, was made with the book. There is no pushing at a distance!
Using the same book, and table, I can walk around it, reach out over the book and push it, toward me__ North, South, East, and West...
As far as the the book was concerned__ it only had pressure applied to it any time it was pushed.
(When I reached over the book to push it, commonly, people refer to this as a pull, when in fact it is only a push with leverage coming from an alternate position.)
In terms of Physics accuracy, there is no such thing as a pull!
It doesn't get any more simple than this!
Totally In our Universe the only force is Pressure.
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I have found that when dealing with an accelerated body in motion it falls into two categories of how the motion was initiated__ pressure, or unknown.
Has anyone's mind jumped ahead to Attraction?
Do you know__ there is no proof of anything being attracted? Not as body to body, singularly, or mutually attracting? There is not even any good logic to explain the actions required to accomplish attraction!
"I likewise call attractions and impulses, in the same sense, accelerative, and motive; and use the words attraction, impulse, or propensity of any sort towards a centre, promiscuously, and indifferently: one for another; considering those forces not physically, but mathematically: wherefore the reader is not to imagine that by those words I anywhere take upon me to define the kind, or the manner of any action, the causes or the physical reason thereof, or that I attribute forces, in a true and physical sense, to certain centres, (which are only mathematical points); when at any time I happen to speak of centres as attracting, or as endued with attractive powers."
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, by Sir Isaac Newton.
""The idea that bodies of matter can "attract" one another is, according to Einstein, and allusion that has grown out of erroneous mechanical concepts of nature.""
""Today scientists no longer say a magnet "attracts" a piece of iron by some kind of mysterious but instantaneous action-at-a-distance. They say rather that the magnet creates a certain physical condition in the space around it, which they term a magnetic field; and that this magnetic field then acts upon the iron and makes it behave in a certain predictable fashion.""
The Universe and Dr. Einstein, by Lincoln Barnett
I wish this last quoted statement above, were true, but scientists do use the words attraction and pull very frequently. Pull is also often used as a synonym for attraction, when, if given thought... they are not the same. Attraction is an action-at-a-distance scenario, and a pull is actually a push, and requires intimate contact.
In 1798 Cavendish did his experiment with lead balls to measure gravitation. The balls did move, and the resultant motion, agreed with Newton's theory of gravitation. In 1798 how much consideration do you think was given to Space as being part of the scenario that caused these balls to come together?
Before you balk at my suggestions and inundate me with examples of electromagnetic waves, force particles, pulling a rope, or whatever__ please think closely about all the actions required, especially at the intimate point of contact between entities; and please involve Space in your considerations...
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Does a horse pull or push a cart? Picture the cart assembly as a large doughnut, and the horse within the hole. The horse will push the doughnut if it goes forward in any direction. And, if the horse approaches the doughnut from without from any direction it will also conduct a pushing action.
How can I push a rope? I say, how can you pull a rope without bringing pressure to bear?
How does a train locomotive pull a car? The same way you catch a fish on a hook. Remember to analyze the action only at the hook. (Local frame of reference.)
How do I push a chain? Much like the rope. But, try visualizing one link. Put your finger within the link and push it somewhere. Add more links in your image. Each link is pushing another link if you analyze it.
How can I push my pants on? I say, how can you put your pants on without applying pressure?
Can you open any door without applying pressure?
How is the atom held together? This is in the category of unknown, and I can only speculate, but I believe it is not done without pressure, and must include Space in the scenario.
What about the contraction of stretched rubber, or the contraction of metal? The answer may be due to less atomic activity, less pressure of these parts bouncing about, thus there is not as much room taken up, when the outside Space inward pressure containing the item is maintaining about the same pressure. Two wild cats fighting in a bag take up more room than two sleeping in the bag, thus the bag shrinks in size while they doze. These questions, and more, need more explanations at the quantum mechanics level, but again I speculate, and put my money with Pressure, and Space.
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Something to seriously think about:
The voltage between the anode and cathode terminals of a battery is called "A difference of Potential" In this case it is a difference of voltage. In the case of expansion of two straight lines from a point it is a difference of distances. In the case of the expansion or contraction of the area of plane surfaces as with the squaring with distance law, it is a difference of areas. The difference of gravity radiation over distance is a difference of density of areas. (No one knows if there really is a gravity radiation as a multitude of single one line rays of gravity or radiated gravitons. So likewise, if there is, some type of gravity radiation out through almost vacuum space, no-one knows whether it wears itself out, or weakens.) We do have gravity at different distances with different magnitudes. One of these is the misconception that gravitation weakens, when it is only spreading. Also and otherwise said to be weakening gravity, is more likely to be due to the reality of the Universe, and radiated phenomena. Such as light runs into matter and transfers energy to the matter... Ask yourself, does light traveling in as pure a vacuum as we can create, wear out, or weaken with distance, or just spread? Starlight appears to come some great distances...
I truly believe that the acceleration of matter in a gravitational field is due to a Difference of Potential, which seems pretty reasonable. But, further I believe it to be a Differential of Pressure scenario.
For me, the question is: What and What Way is the difference... caused?
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(4/19/06) Three billion years ago, the concept of years did not exist. Likewise the concept of Pull did not exist. Was there any scenarios of pulling three billion years ago? I am pretty sure there were the same unknown concepts then, that are still the unknown concepts of today!
What do we think we know? Maybe some type of Big Bang occurred, from a localized condensed site. Did the Space, that is said not to exist, pull things outbound to expand the new Universe? No! Even an implosion is an external pressure crashing things into a lower pressure area, and then there is collisions resulting in ricochets which are all derived from the original inbound pressure. (This is what makes the implosion of a television tube dangerous to a viewer!) So after the Big Bang the new Universe is being flung outwards__ interfacing, and crashing as it is being cooled along the way. I don't think there are very many people that would expect a perfectly symmetrical Big Bang. Wham, Bang, Swish, Spin, Bump... whatever... but always just pushing. Did I just say "always just pushing"? Yes I did. Do you think at sometime after the Big Bang, matter started collecting together by gravity pulling? Newton said he didn't know the cause. Einstein also didn't know how, but figured matter as changing what he called Space/Time; then other bodies of matter followed these space distortions to come together, so to speak. Yes, I agree, distortion of Space, and I bet if it was expanding with everything else as some think... it would really be distorted. (After the Big Bang, is when time supposedly started. This I presume, since we went from a supposed static singularity, to a scenario of Sequence of Events... what we call one after the other, in a time arrow direction!? More on Time in that chapter.)
Back inside the singularity. Was there gravity? All that is theorized, is we have evidence with present day background noise (which is heat left over, appearing as static on radio frequencies and etc.), indicating there was a Bang. Anyone can define whatever they wish into a singularity, but no-one really knows. Did matter, once it cooled from a plasma, have a built in memory, that once it takes on the properties of matter, it should exhibit gravitation... reaching out to pull in some more matter? I doubt it. I fall back to reiterate that there was pressure (pushing), and still is today. I defy and challenge anyone to prove to me there is such a thing as a pull in physics without pressure!
All around us, now and prior, are actions of pressure. And I truly believe, I have a lot more going for this belief, than anyone trying to show good evidence of a pull, or attraction. I can simply stand, or push down on a scale showing indication of pressure. (Ah yes, magnets! But, this again is an unknown! The odds are better for a pressure explanation.)
Why am I pushing so hard upon this subject? Because I think it makes the Universe much more simple, and can explain questions we can't seem to answer... except by resorting to Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Virtual Particles, and more. "Try it, you might like it!"
Lastly, I would like you to keep in mind that Pressure (or force) is not an entity! It only a measurement of the type, value, and direction__ mankind has devised for the interfacing of Universal constituents. Pressure would be better called a distortion of an entity of the Universe from its present state. When one body, person, touches another body, person... this is an interface of one type of Universal bodies. The actual sensing of the touch is due to a differential in the material skin orientation from its normal state. Often called a differential of pressure or delta P. In the case of gravity, we don't sense a differential of pressure within our bodies when we are accelerated, because gravitation acts almost instantly pressing upon each and every atom within our body simultaneously. Also, the differential in pressure from the top of our body to the bottom is so minute we cannot detect it. But, if you were 3500 miles tall, you might be light headed, because your brain would be about one fourth the weight it would be at sea level! Yes there is a differential of pressure with gravity. (more in the gravity chapter)
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